4、在住宅区从事商业盈利性活动
美国有些城市的法规对区域有严格界定,住宅区、商业区和工业区相互有各自的用途,有些城市禁止住宅区从事营利性的商业活动 。尽管月子中心的服务仅仅就是出租几间房、做做饭之类的,也不一定干扰邻居,但是由于其本身属于商业活动,从法律上讲是违法的 。当然,这种违法行为与中国爸爸妈妈没有任何关系 。
5、劳工资质违法
(1)月子中心要雇佣护工来照顾孕妇产妇,称作“月嫂” 。“月嫂”的本质是涉及生育医疗服务的家政护理,在美国就必须要有资质 。而大多数月子中心请的“月嫂”并没有这样的资质 。按照加州社会服务部(California Department of Social Services, CDSS)的规定,照顾儿童的工作必须取得“儿童护理执照”(Child Care Facility License) 。如果无照,会被处理每天200 美元的罚款,并可能面临刑事指控 。以下是加州社会服务部官方网站的原文:
DO I NEED A CHILD CARE FACILITY LICENSE?
If you are providing care and supervision to children in your care, chances are you need a license. Operating without a license is a misdemeanor and subject to a $200 per day fine. You may also be subject to criminal charges by local law enforcement.
法律规定,只有以下几种情况可以在没有“儿童护理执照”的情况下合法照顾儿童,如:(a)照顾自己家的孩子,例如儿童的父母、爷爷、奶奶、伯伯、叔叔、舅舅、姨妈、姑妈等亲属等;(b)除自家孩子之外,仅照顾一个家庭的孩子;(c)两家家长轮流相互照顾两家的孩子们,孩子总数不能超过12 人,且家长不得收费;(d)公立、私立学校,以及该校开设的课前、课后补习班;(e)社会儿童组织开办的游乐活动……等 。以下是加州社会服务部官方网站的原文:
License-exempt child care is a child care program that can legally operate without a license, and licensing standards do not apply to them. Examples of some of the types of providers who are license-exempt are:
●Relatives of a child/children being cared for (i.e., spouses, parents, adult siblings, aunts, uncles, first cousins, steprelatives and grandparents)
●Any arrangement providing care for children of only one family in addition to the operator’s own children.
●Cooperative arrangements (Co-Ops) between parents for the care of their children when:
▲Caregivers do not receive payment for services
▲Parents rotate responsibility for care of all of the children equally among themselves
▲Every caregiver is a parent, legal guardian, or adult relative of at least one child in the Co-Op
▲No more than 12 children are cared for at any given time by any provider/parent.
●Public/private schools
●Before and after school programs/extended day care programs operated by public/private schools.
●Recreation programs operated by Boy and Girl Scouts, Boys and Girls Club, YMCA, and similar organizations
●Public recreation programs
●Organized Camps as defined in Health and Safety Code
Section 18897.
●Certain school parenting programs or adult education child care programs.
●Temporary child care services provided to parents who are on the same premises as the site of the child day care program. This does not include child care programs operated on the site of a ski facility, shopping mall or department store.
(2)开车接送服务也涉及法律问题 。按加州法律:用于接送 付费乘客的车辆如出租车、包租车或救护车,必须注册为“商业 车辆” 。而绝大多数月子中心的接送车辆都没有注册为“商业车辆”,所以这些行为都涉嫌违法 。
以下是从加州机动车管理局(Department of Motor Vehicles, DMV)官方网站上摘抄的有关“商业车辆”的原文:
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