本题考了一个熟悉的词subject 。它是一个多义词，可以表示"题目"、"科目"等 。但这些义项在这里都不合适 。要确定它的意思，最关键的是要准确弄清它所在句子前后部分的意思和关系 。这句话前一部分说，要确定睡眠不足引起的后果，研究人员让subjects通过一系列的心理和能力的测验，要求them将几栏数字加起来或回忆几分钟前所听到过的文章 。所以，这里subjects是人，是"正在被研究的对象" 。选项C是正确答案 。
例2 Labor\'s concern over automation arises from uncertainty about the effects on employment, and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main, labor has taken the view that resistance to technical change is unfruitful. Eventually, the result of automation may well be an increase in employment, since it is expected that vast industries will grow up around manufacturing, maintaining, and repairing automation equipment. The interest of labor lies in bringing about the transition with a minimum of inconvenience and distress to the workers involved. Also, union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possible by automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages, more leisure, and improved living standards. To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the promotion of supplementary unemployment benefit plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in such a plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong drive for planning new installations so as to cause the least possible problems in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another approach is the idea of the "improvement factor", which calls for wage increases based on increases in productivity. It is possible, however, that labor will rely mainly on reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of automation.1. The idea of the "improvement factor" ( line 7, paragraph 2) implies roughly______.A. wages should be paid on the basis of length of serviceB. the benefit of the increased production and lower costs should be shared by workers C. supplementary unemployment benefit plans should be promotedD. the transition to automation should be brought about with the minimum of inconvenience and distress to workers 本题要求学生根据上下文理解improvement factor(增值因素)的含义 。在文章的第二段第七行，提出"增值因素"是要求随着生产率的提高，工资也要相应地提高；而生产率的提高就是增加生产降低成本(第一段最后一句) 。因而选项B是正确答案 。选项A，把解雇金协议(dismissal pay agreements)，即根据服务期长短给长期解雇者一笔钱(第二段第四句)，与"增值因素"的内容混淆起来，说明有时文章和题目并不难，但粗心大意会使你答错题 。选项C是讲另一种劳工利益保护措施的，即失业者补助金计划；而选项D是讲工人们对自动化带来的种种影响所关切的问题 (第一段第六行) 。
例3 Before the nineteenth century, scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant to go to sea to further his work. For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question "What is at the bottom of the oceans?" had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured. It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea. The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and reliable. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.

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